Cases in Finnish

The Finnish language has fourteen or fifteen cases for nouns. They correspond to English prepositions roughly as shown in the following table. The suffix and the sample word form are shown in singular and in plural, separated by a colon. The translation given is for the singular, except for the last two cases, which are normally used in plural form even when the meaning is singular. The notation “…” indicates that there are other variants of the suffix.

Notes

1. Nominatiivi (nominative) is the case of a subject and has no ending in the singular. In plural it has the ending -t, whereas in most other cases, the plural suffix is -i- which appears before the case suffix (e.g.: taloissa).
2. Genetiivi (genitive) indicates mainly relations similar to those expressed using the genitive or the "of" preposition in English. It is also one of the cases of a grammatical object. In plural, it has several possible suffixes, partly depending on the stem, partly in free variation, as i nomena : omenien ~ omenoiden ~ omenoitten ~ omenain,
3. Essiivi usually indicates some sort of role.
4. Partitiivi indicates, among other things, the partiality of a grammatical object. E.g., the sentence söin omenaa has such an object and it would normally be translated as 'I was eating an apple'. In contrast, söin omenan contains a so-called total object (with the object in genitive), meaning that the entire apple was eaten, and it could be translated as 'I ate an apple' or 'I ate the apple', depending on the context. However, in many situations, partitiivi is simply the grammatical form "required" by the verb, as in rakastan sinua 'I love you'. It is also used (in singular!) with numerals, e.g. kolme taloa 'three houses’.
5. Translatiivi may indicate the result of a state or role transition, e.g. tulla opettajaksi 'become a teacher'. It has many other uses as well, e.g. suomeksi 'in Finnish'.
6. Inessiivi usually refers to being within or in close contact with something.
7. Elatiivi typically indicates movement from within (or from close contact with) something. It is also used in more abstract meanings, as in minusta 'in my opinion'.
8. Illatiivi normally indicates movement into (or to close contact with) something.
9. Adessiivi can refer to being near or on the surface of something. It has several other uses as well, including the indication of instrument or method or manner, as well as idiomatic expressions like minulla on 'I have' (literally, 'at me there is').
10. Ablatiivi indicates movement from the neighborhood (or from the surface of) something.
11. Allatiivi indicates movement to the neighborhood (or to the surface of) something, or indicates the recipient (of giving something, for example).
12. Abessiivi corresponds to English preposition "without". It is used rarely, except in sayings and in nominal forms of verbs.
13. Komitatiivi indicates company. The ending is followed by a possessive suffix (except in adjective attributes). It is used rarely and always grammatically in plural.
14. Instruktiivi may indicate an instrument, but is has other meanings as well. One might regard it as vanished, remaining only in sayings and adverbs, such as jalan (by foot) and usein (often). However, it has some modern literary use, often regarded as artificial style, where it means 'together with' or 'including'. Normally, an instrument is expressed using adessiivi or other cases.
15. Akkusatiivi (accusative, objective, the case of a grammatical object) is often listed as a case, too. However, its form coincides with the form of the nominative or the form of the genitive, except for the personal pronouns (minä, sinä, etc.) and the interrogatory pronoun kuka ~ ken, which have specific accusative forms (minut, sinut, etc., and kenet).

Among the cases, the six cases inessiivi, elatiivi, illatiivi, adessiivi, ablatiivi, allatiivi form a rather orthogonal system of locative cases, with the first three referring to inner relations (in, from, into) and the rest to corresponding outer relations. In practise, the rules for selecting inner or outer locative case are complicated and have a lot of exceptions. For instance, we say Helsingissä 'in Helsinki' but Tampereella 'in Tampere' with no easily explainable reason. (Even Finns have problems in selecting the correct case when using a less common municipality name. A large database of names of habited places and their inflection, Asutusnimihakemisto, has been built for such purposes.)

Moreover, the cases essiivi and partitiivi originally had locative meanings, too, and this is still preserved in some adverbs and sayings (e.g. ulkona 'outside'). Translatiivi can be regarded as an abstract locative case. Thus, in total nine of the fourteen cases can be explained as referring to locality of some sort!

Complications

The table has talo (house) as the sample word, intentionally chosen so that it has an immutable stem, to which suffixes are just “glued” without causing any modifications to the start of the word, and so that it has a fairly simple concrete meaning and many of the cases have concrete meanings, too, like talossa (in/inside a/the house). There are different complications to such simple inflection:

• The case suffix may depend on the stem. The most common variation is the so-called consonant gradation: depending on the sounds in the stem, the vowel “a” may be replace by “a”, e.g. talo : talossa but kylä : kylässä.
• The stem, too, may vary. Two common types of variation are the consonant gradation, where a double kk, pp, or tt changes (under certain conditions) to a single one or a singe k, p, t changes to another consonant or vanishes. Examples of the formation of the genetiivi: lukko : lukon, katto : katon, tatti : tatin, jalka : jalan, lupa : luvan, kato : kadon.
• The meanings of a case suffix varies. As a simple example. the essiivi also has a temporal meaning, as in maanantaina (on Monday).
• In particular, the choice of a case is often grammatical in the sense that some verb or other word “requires” an associated noun to be in a specific case, perhaps with no relation to its original concerete meaning. For example, the Finnish translation of I like you is normally Pidän sinusta in written language (or Mä tykkään susta in spoken language), so that the word sinä corresponding to you is grammatically not an object at all, but an adverbial in the elatiivi case. Such relations, or requirements, are usually not explicitly specified in grammars or dictionaries, though they can often be derived from the examples given in dictionaries, such as Kielitoimiston sanakirja.

Frequency of usage

The cases can be roughly divided into three categories by frequency:

1. the common cases nominatiivi, genetiivi and partitiivi, which cover about 70% of all occurrences
2. the nine locative cases in the broad sense, as explained above
3. the rare (or “marginal”) cases abessiivi, komitatiivi and instruktiivi, which mostly live in special phrases only.

For more detailed statistic, see Iso suomen kielioppi, Sijojen yleisyys teksteissä, which describes the nominative as having 31‐37% frequency, the genetive 22–23%, the partitive 14%, the locative cases varying from 1% to 7% and the rare cases 0.1–0.3%, though the instruktiivi scores 2% under a rather weird interpretation where a wide range of adverbs are classified as instances of this case.

Borderline cases

The variation in the number of cases in different sources of information about Finnish is mostly explained by the inclusion or exclusion of akkusatiivi as a separate case. Otherwise there is little disagreement about the matter, but for completeness I mention a few issues:

• Sometimes a case called prolatiivi, with ending -tse and corresponding to English prepositions 'through' or 'via', is suggested, but most linguists regard -tse simply as an adverbial suffix. See Kirjeitse annettu määräys. Suomen kielen prolatiiveista.
• Sometimes a case, eksessiivi, with ending -nta (combined from the -na of essiivi and -ta of partitiivi) is suggested, meaning 'from the role of', thus making the system of "pseudo-locative" cases more orthogonal. It has been reported to have been used in a few dialects, but many references to occurrences of eksessiivi in dialects seem to be based on misinterpretations. In some dialects, adverbs like luonta occur, but just as dialectal variants of luota (which is morphologically a partitiivi form and is purely locative in meaning).
• A case ending with -nkaa, with a meaning corresponding to komitatiivi, i.e. 'together with', actually exists in some dialects, possibly due to influence of Estonian -ga case. However it is explainable as simple contraction: talon kanssa > talonkaa.
• In composite words the first word often undergoes changes: hevonen 'horse' + voima 'power' > hevosvoima. One might argue that this means that there is a separate case, kompositiivi. See Suomen kielen yhdyssanamuodot (kompositiivit).
• A case called latiivi, with endings such as -s and a generic locative meaning 'to', has actually existed in the language but only survives in some adverbs (e.g. ulos) and in peculiar derivations which are between adverbs and cases of nouns (!) in the comparative form, e.g. rannemmas (from ranta 'beach, coast' + comparative suffix + ending -s), indicating movement to nearer a beach or coast and synonymous with rannemmaksi (with the translatiivi ending). Note that similar forms, e.g. rannempana and rannempaa, are used, with clearly locative meanings for essiivi and partitiivi.
• There are several very productive suffixes for deriving adverbs, such as -sti. It is sometimes suggested that some of them might be interpreted as case endings. Panu Mäkinen has included such cases into his list of Finnish cases. He regards e.g. -sti as a suffix for multiplikatiivi, obviously due its use with numbers, e.g. kolme 'three' - kolmesti 'three times, thrice'. However, a much more common use for that suffix is to derive adverbs from adjectives, with the generic meaning 'in a ... manner', or corresponding to the English suffix -ly. For example, iloinen (stem: iloise-) 'happy, joyful' - iloisesti 'happily, with joy'. Often the adessiivi of a noun is used in a similar meaning, e.g. ilolla (from ilo 'happiness, joy') though purists may not regarded this as fully correct, since it reflects the influence of other languages (mainly Swedish). Since the -sti ending often has the same function as the -lla suffix, which is undeniably a case ending, and since it can be formed from all numerals and most adjectives, it looks like a good candidate for a case suffix. However no grammar seems to take such a position.

Confused? That's understandable. Please notice that none of the suggested cases in the list above passes the following congruence test: in Finnish, an adjective attribute (almost always) complies in its form with the noun, e.g. isossa talossa, isoilla taloilla etc. That is, the case (and number) is expressed both in a noun and in an attached adjective attribute. And none of the proposed cases can take such an attribute, so they are more adequately regarded as classes of adverbs or as other constructs than cases.